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(1) The boundaries between various automated means are increasingly blurred. Professional integration and penetration of universities, industrial control computer systems, automation, traditional industries of information technology transformation, mechatronics, numerical control, advanced manufacturing technologies, technologies between CIMS, The boundaries between professions and disciplines are increasingly blurred, and it seems that there is no need to distinguish them clearly. This is the actual need, the need for development, and the inevitable development of technology.
(2) Convergence of various control systems is a general trend. For a long time to come, FCS, IPC, NC/CNC and DCS and PLC will complement, promote and coexist with each other. PLC, DCS, NC/CNC, IPC, FCS, etc. Although the original intention of the design is different, each has its own characteristics, each has its own suitable application field, and naturally has its own incompatibility, but it is known technically that the length of the learner is complementary. Short of one's own, PLC, DCS study has been improved to have lost their traditional sense of their own, you can see that the integration of various control systems is the trend of the times and unstoppable.
(3) Desiring a single field bus The eight existing field buses such as FF, Profibus, and WordFIP are international standards, which are said to increase to 12 in the near future. The field bus and Ethernet are bundled together and the network is used in the end. Under this kind of development situation, the technical disputes of various field buses are fewer, and the market competition is still fierce. The "Tenth Five-Year Plan" projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology are afraid that after entering the WTO, the number of suspects for unfair competition will be reduced to nearly 100, major 20, and more than 70. The three projects related to IPC are key projects:
Transform traditional industries: Shenyang (mechanical industrial town) pilot;
Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Informatization: CIMS Applications;
Process control system: What kind of field bus is the fuzzy, mainly to constitute a complete system well and do a good job of application.
As far as China is concerned, this field bus is not the original of our country. There is no technological advantage in China and there is no natural burden. Therefore, on the basis of the existing field bus, we can form a system suitable for certain national conditions and suitable for certain fields. Good application, improve economic efficiency This is the main energy.
The field of application of industrial control computers has rapidly expanded. In the past, IPCs were mainly used in process control, such as continuous, streamlined production processes such as electricity, coal, chemical, and oil; manufacturing automation, such as discrete machining processes such as machinery, electronics, and automobiles; and stand-alone automation such as CNC machine tools. Intelligent instrumentation, electromechanical integration of products such as robots, automotive electronics, variable frequency speed control motors, electronic home appliances, and medical devices. In the future, we should pay special attention to the new growth points of IPC applications: environmental protection, public utilities, roads and transport, buildings and communities, agriculture and rural areas, and families.
1. Development Trends of Industrial Control Computers The development of industrial control computers and their applications is closely related to the development of information, digital, and intelligent world trends and computer technologies, control technologies, network technologies, and display technologies (especially field buses and control networks). related.
In 2000, the world's industrial control computer market was 300-400 billion U.S. dollars, of which DCS 60 billion U.S. dollars, embedded systems 60-70 billion U.S. dollars, FCS 20-30 billion U.S. dollars, IPC 70-80 billion U.S. dollars, PLC 70-80 billion U.S. dollars, CNC 70- 8 billion US dollars. And at a rate of 10-15% per year.
1.1DCS (Distributed Control System)
Although fieldbus-based FCS has developed rapidly and eventually replaced traditional DCS, there is a lot of work to be done in FCS development, such as unified standards, instrumentation intelligence, and so on. DCS is also required for the maintenance and reconstruction of traditional control systems. Therefore, FCS completely replaces traditional DCS with a long process.
Current industrial control computers are still dominated by large systems, dispersed objects, and continuous production processes (such as metallurgy, petrochemicals, and electricity), and distributed control systems using distributed system structures are still in development. Due to the development of open architecture and integration technologies, sales of large-scale decentralized control systems have increased. DCS sales in 1997 were $4.5 billion, and in 2000 it was $6 billion. The world's major DCS suppliers are: Honeywell, Bailey, Westing, House, ABB, Foxboro, L&N, Siemens, EuRo, Yokogawa, Japan, Yamato Warnerville, and others.
DCS is the one that is affected by the computer and has the fastest response in the IPC. The main development trend of DCS is:
(1) DCS is developing in a comprehensive direction. Due to the development of standardized data communication links and networks, various single- and multi-loop controllers, PLCs, industrial PCs, NCs, and other industrial control equipment constitute large systems to meet factory automation requirements. And adapt to the general trend of openness.
(2) The development of DCS in the direction of intelligence, due to the development of database systems, inference functions, and especially the application of Knowledge Base System (KEB) and Expert System (ES), such as self-learning control, remote diagnosis, self-optimization, etc. Artificial intelligence will be implemented at all levels of the DCS. Similar to the FF fieldbus, microprocessor-based smart devices, such as intelligent I/O intelligent PID control, smart sensors, transmitters, actuators, intelligent man-machine interfaces, and programmable regulators, have emerged one after another.
(3) DCS industrial PC, DCS becomes a major trend from IPC, PC as a DCS operating station or node machine has been very common, PC-PLC, PC-STD, PC-NC, etc. is the pioneer of PC-DCS, IPC becomes DCS hardware platform.
(4) DCS specialization, DCS is more suitable for the application of the corresponding fields, we must further understand this professional process and application requirements to gradually form such as nuclear power DCS, substation DCS, glass DCS, cement DCS and so on.
Now DCS manufacturers' new products have the following features: system opening, management and control integration and advanced control software. DCS manufacturers are also engaged in the development, production and application of FCS.
1.2 Numerical Control Devices Since the 1980s, in order to meet the development needs of FMC, FMS, CAM, and CIMS, numerical control devices use large-scale, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits to improve flexibility, functionality, and efficiency.
(1) PC: The development of large-scale integrated circuit manufacturing technology, the PC hardware structure is very small, the CPU running speed is getting higher and higher, the storage capacity is very large. With the mass production of PCs, the cost is greatly reduced and the reliability is continuously improved. The openness of the PC, the application of Windows, the application of more technical personnel and the development of software make the PC software extremely rich. The function of PC has been very strong. CAD/CAM software has been transplanted from minicomputers and workstations to PCs. Three-dimensional graphic display and process data have been established on PCs. Therefore, the PC has become an important resource and method for the development of CNC systems.
(2) AC servo: The AC servo system has a constant power range of 1:4 and a speed range of 1:1000, which is basically equivalent to DC servo. AC servos are small in size, low in price, high in reliability, and widely used.
(3) The development of a highly-functional CNC system in the direction of integrated automation: in order to meet the requirements of FMS, CIMS, and unmanned chemical plants, development is linked with robots, automated cars, automated diagnostic tracking and monitoring systems, etc.; integrated control and management systems are developed. , has become the international direction of the CNC system.
(4) Convenient to use: to improve human-computer interface, simplify programming, use the symbol keys on the operation panel, and use dialogue methods as much as possible for user convenience.
(5) Flexibility and systematization: At present, the numerical control system adopts a modular structure, and its function covers a large area, ranging from three-axis and two-linked machine tools to up to 24 axes of flexible processing units. Since the 1980s, all kinds of flexible production systems based on numerical control machine tools have emerged. According to their specifications, degree of automation and control methods, they can be divided into flexible manufacturing units, flexible manufacturing systems, flexible assembly lines, independent manufacturing islands, computer integrated manufacturing systems, and intelligent manufacturing systems.
(6) Miniaturization: Since the semiconductor circuit is highly integrated, the package is three-dimensional, the circuit board is inserted in three dimensions, and the NC device is further miniaturized, the CRT is replaced with a TFT (thin film transistor) color liquid crystal display or a touch screen in the operation unit of the NC device. Thickness is only 1/4 of the CRT.
(7) Speeding: The so-called three-high refers to a high spindle speed, a high rapid movement speed, and a high tool change speed. In order to achieve high-speed machining, the spindle must be high-speed, the AC spindle motor has a maximum speed of 180,000 rpm; the maximum feed speed is 120 meters/minute; the tool change speed is 1 second; and the acceleration is 2 g.
(8) Efficient: The key to achieving high-efficiency machining and shortening non-cutting time and machining cycle is to improve the PMC (programmable machine controller) processor. As the processing content becomes more complex, the PMC programming language becomes a problem, although Languages ​​and PASCAL have been put into practical use. However, in order to replace the ladder language, it is necessary to use a view language such as a sequential flow chart (SFC).
(9) High-precision: Improve the processing accuracy, high-resolution rotary encoder is essential. In order to achieve an accuracy of 0.001 μm in the field of ultra-precision machining, it is necessary to develop an ultra-high-resolution code and an NC device with a minimum setting unit of 0.0001 μm. In order to maintain the characteristics of the servo system even if the load changes during machining, control and robust control are also required. In the control of the servo system, a high-speed microprocessor is used, and feedforward control based on modern control theory, two-degree-of-freedom control, and learning control are adopted. The tracking error of its digital control system does not exceed 2 microns.
(10) Machine intelligence: It is a new technology in the field of NC. The so-called mechanical intelligence function refers to the machine itself can compensate the mechanical deformation caused by temperature, mechanical load, etc. This requires sensors that detect spindle load, spindle, and seat deformation and circuits that process the sensor output signals. The sensor itself has a signal processing function, so it is called a smart sensor. Artificial intelligence will be used in the PMC that processes signals.
(11) Diagnosis and maintenance intelligence: Diagnosis and maintenance of faults are important NC technologies. Fault diagnosis based on AI expert system already exists, and now it is mainly to establish a database for diagnosing faults. Connect the NC unit to the central computer via the Intranet and the Internet to provide remote diagnostics. Further development is to the maintenance system, that is, to replace the components that will fail before the failure occurs. It needs to be implemented through smart sensors, high-speed PMCs, and large databases.
(12) Compounding becomes the mainstream of machine tool development. The so-called compound machining MultitaskMachining can be defined as a processing capability that can complete a variety of processing operations without manual intervention. It has the function of turning and drilling after the workpiece is installed once; the function of tapping and milling, the transfer of the workpiece from one process to another is automatic, and the assembly of the workpiece is also automatic during the process. Its advantages are many.
1.3 PLC (programmable controller)
At present, there are about 200 PLC manufacturers around the world producing more than 300 varieties. The number of global PLC shipments was 14.56 million in 1998, 16.2 million in 1999, and 17.78 million in 2000. In PLCs shipped in 1995, according to end-users: automobiles accounted for 23%; food processing accounted for 16.4%; chemicals/pharmaceuticals accounted for 14.6%; metals/mines accounted for 11.5%; pulp/paper accounted for 11.3%; others accounted for 23.6%. Due to the large system and complex application requirements such as CIMS, engineering automation and process control, the main development trend of PLC is:
(1) High-function, high-speed, large-capacity, and large-scale development of analog signals form a large system that competes with DCS.
(2) Network and communication Strengthen communication capability is an important development direction of PLC. The network etherification has been very successful, and noticed the development of fieldbus.
(3) Diversification of Programming Languages ​​IEC61131-3 specifies five programming languages: Ladder Diagram (LD Discrete America, Japan), Sequential Function Diagram (SFC Batch, Mechanical Europe), Function Block Diagram (FBD Process Europe), Structure Text ( ST) and Instruction List (IL Germany, Japan). To meet the requirements of different applications and application habits in different countries, it is allowed to use multiple programming languages ​​in the same PLC program.
(4) The PLC and other industrial control units are united. The boundary between PLC and other control systems is becoming more and more blurred, and similar situations have appeared in the application. The most popular integration of PC technology, PLC increasingly accelerates infiltration into the DCS, PLC into the CNC's territory. PLC's own control is also decentralized. In situations where real-time requirements are not too high, software PLCs have been used to implement PLC functions. Compared to PC-based control, the advantages are on small PLCs. According to statistics, sales below I/O 64 accounted for 47% of the entire PLC, and I/O 64 to 256 points accounted for 31%. The sum of the two is 78%. Only 30% of 350,000 small-scale enterprises use PLCs in mature U.S. PLCs. This indicates that the development potential of small-sized PLCs is still very large, and the proportion of mechatronics that emerged in the form of OEMs has gradually increased.
(5) Integration of EIC (Electric Drives, Meters, and Computers) to realize the integration of electrical drive control, instrumentation control, and computer control. This is a control system that is needed by the steel industry for automation and much-needed. This is also the most important development trend of PLC. Foreign well-known PLC manufacturers include: AB, Siemens, GE-FANUC, Modican Electronics, French TE, Mitsubishi Electronics, and OMRON Electronics.
1.4IPC (Industrial PC)
Because PC hard, rich software resources, large production, low prices, for the majority of technical personnel are familiar with and recognized. Home computers are gradually becoming popular. At present, PCs account for over 95% of general-purpose computers. This is the foundation of the industrial PC's heat. Experts and technicians who engage in industrial control naturally want to give the PC bus a higher mission. It is intended to play an important role in process control, manufacturing automation, and building automation. As an IPC market that is in full swing with DCS and PLC is expanding, especially in China. Due to the better solution of real-time operating systems, programming languages, etc., IPC will be better developed. The main manifestations of IPC's booming development are:
(1) Major PLC manufacturers, such as Siemens, Rockwell Automation, GE Fanuc, and Mitsubishi Electric, have all launched their own branded IPC products. This shows that these PLC giants have accepted IPC's technical route. Authoritative sources pointed out that "the PLC era must have passed." Although PLC's function is still preserved, the form may change;
(2) Microsoft Windows CE enters the embedded OS market This is undoubtedly a landmark event for the industrial automation market.
(3) Embedded PC
Embedded computer: Enbeded to the inside of the device, providing the user interface, managing the data input, output, and the computer that guides the device's work. The definition of embedded system: Based on the application as the center, based on the computer technology, the software and hardware can be tailored to meet the application system's special requirements for the functions, reliability, cost, volume, and power consumption of the special computer.
In China, the 80386 and 80486 are the most used in embedded design. This kind of CPU has high performance and price ratio, and is supported by famous CPU manufacturers such as In-Tel, IBM, Cyixs, AMD and TI. Rich software (including operating system, development tools and application software) support.
The embedded PC can work reliably in harsh environments (such as high temperature, humidity, vibration, etc.) for a long period of time. The average time between failures (MBTE) of embedded PCs is 100,000 to 150,000 hours, while that of desktops is only 10,000 to 15,000 hours. Hardware, software, and industrial PCs are similar.
1.5 Sensor Development Trends Sensing, communications, and computer technology constitute the three cornerstones of modern information. In the 1980s, it was a personal computer. In the 1990s, it was a computer network. It is expected that the first 10 years of the 21st century will likely involve sensing, execution, and detection. .
The role of the sensor is mainly to obtain information, information technology (1) high-function, high-speed, large-capacity, increase the development direction of analog, forming a large system to fight with the DCS.
(2) Network and communication Strengthen communication capability is an important development direction of PLC. The network etherification has been very successful, and noticed the development of fieldbus.
(3) Diversification of Programming Languages ​​IEC61131-3 specifies five programming languages: Ladder Diagram (LD Discrete Beauty, Japan), Sequential Function Chart (SFC Batch, Mechanical Europe), Function Block Diagram (FBD Process Europe), Structure Text ( ST) and Instruction List (IL Germany, Japan). To meet the requirements of different applications and application habits in different countries, it is allowed to use multiple programming languages ​​in the same PLC program.
(4) The PLC and other industrial control units are united. The boundary between PLC and other control systems is becoming more and more blurred, and similar situations have appeared in the application. The most popular integration of PC technology, PLC increasingly accelerates infiltration into the DCS, PLC into the CNC's territory. PLC's own control is also decentralized. In situations where real-time requirements are not too high, software PLCs have been used to implement PLC functions. Compared to PC-based control, the advantages are on small PLCs. According to statistics, sales below I/O 64 accounted for 47% of the entire PLC, and I/O 64 to 256 points accounted for 31%. The sum of the two is 78%. Only 30% of 350,000 small-scale enterprises use PLCs in mature U.S. PLCs. This indicates that the development potential of small-sized PLCs is still large, and the proportion of mechatronics that emerged in the form of OEMs has gradually increased.
(5) Integration of EIC (Electric Drives, Meters, and Computers) to realize the integration of electrical drive control, instrumentation control, and computer control. This is a control system that is needed by the steel industry for automation and much-needed. This is also the most important development trend of PLC. Foreign well-known PLC manufacturers include: AB, Siemens, GE-FANUC, Modican Electronics, French TE, Mitsubishi Electronics, and OMRON Electronics.
2 Overview of the Development of Domestic IPCs 2.1 Key Projects of IPCs Prior to the Ninth Five-Year Plan and Their Progress
In 1983, the industrial control computer was included in the national computer series popularization development plan. With the strong support of the country, through the joint efforts of the national industrial control computer industry, such as the first industrial control computer model optimization organized by the Ministry of Mechanical and Electrical Industry; the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Electrical and Mechanical Services The optimization of the first national industrial furnace control system jointly organized by the Ministry of Chemical Industry and the Building Materials Bureau, the work of the National Industrial PC Development Committee, and the work of the Industrial Control Commission's Control Network Collaboration Network have enabled the development of China's industrial control computers.
During the “Seventh Five-Year Plan†period, it completed national key projects such as industrial process automation, key mechanical CAD, flexible manufacturing systems and equipment development, robotics, large-scale integrated circuits, computer systems, and computer software.
During the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, new power electronic devices, power electronics application technologies, numerical control technologies and equipment, large industrial process automation technologies, sensor technologies, and industrial robot applications were included in the national research plan.
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, real-time industrial process control and optimization of commercial engineering software, micro-motors and micro-machining, inspection technology, sensor technology, a new generation of distributed control systems, field bus systems and smart meters, numerical control technology and equipment engineering , CAD, CIMS, etc. or 863 projects. The fieldbus has made progress, and HART and smart instrument systems have been on display at the 98+ equipment exhibition. Successfully implemented analog and digital two-way communications without disturbing each other. In numerical control technology and equipment engineering, numerical control technology has also made significant progress. In order to achieve two 50% (domestic CNC machine tool market share of 50%, CNC system accounted for 50% of the domestic demand for CNC machine tools and efforts.
All these have played a significant role in promoting the development of industrial control computer technology, industry, and application in China.
In 1996, the size of China's IPC market was 1.05-12.7 billion yuan, of which industrial PCs and cards were 2.5-0.3 billion yuan; embedded computers (including controllers) were 1.5-20 billion yuan; and PLCs were 15-1.7 billion yuan. Yuan; DCS system 15-20 billion yuan; CNC system 15-20 billion yuan; import and export of mechanical and electrical equipment supporting control equipment about 2 billion.
In 1999, the size of China's IPC market was approximately RMB 15 billion to RMB 19 billion, of which RMB 0.3 billion to RMB 4 billion for industrial PCs and boards; RMB 2.0 billion to RMB 3 billion for embedded computers (including controllers); and 25-30 for PLCs. Billion; DCS system 2.5-30 billion yuan; FCS system 2-3 billion; CNC system 20-25 billion yuan;
2.2DCS (Distributed Control System)
Due to the urgent need of DCS in the transformation of China's traditional industries and new construction projects, several hundred sets of DCS were introduced from foreign countries in the 1980s to equip petrochemical, metallurgy, electric power, and fertilizer companies. China's industrial automation and instrumentation industry has also introduced technology from abroad, and has cooperated with foreign partners in the joint production and assembly of foreign DCS, and has gradually achieved localization. Such as: China's Chongqing Automation Instrumentation Institute and Shanghai Automation Instrumentation Development DJK-7500, Aerospace Friends of the power-2000, Electronics, HS1000 and HS2000, Beijing Kangtuo's KT6000, Tianjin Central DCS-2001, Shanghai Xinhua XDPS, Zhejiang University SuperconJX and Hangzhou Weisheng FB-2000 series decentralized control systems. The above-listed manufacturers produce more than 1,000 DCS units. Many manufacturers have reached a considerable scale of production. The annual production capacity is more than 100 units. The annual production value reaches 100 million yuan to several hundred million yuan, and it has strong competitiveness and good performance. Reputation. Technically, it has formed an industry that can initially compete with foreign products. It has been promoted and applied in more than a thousand typical projects in various industries in China represented by large-scale petrochemical, metallurgical and electric power projects. For instance, the HS-DCS collection and distribution system of Hollysys began production in 1993. By the end of November 1999, it had produced more than 200 units. In the past three years (97, 98, and 99 years), it was about 50 units with an output value of 100 million yuan. It is widely used. In power systems, boilers, thermoelectric systems, chemical industry, light industry, building materials industry, metallurgical industry, substations, nuclear power plants, municipalities. Hollysys HS-DCS collection and distribution system represents the level of DCS in China.
According to the statistics of the Information Center of the Ministry of Chemical Industry, the chemical industry installed DCS 446 sets in 1995 and 671 sets in 1997 with an annual growth rate of 22.6%. It is mainly used for 189 sets of chemical fertilizers, 33 sets of chlor-alkali, 47 sets of organic chemicals, and 52 sets of general chemicals. .
The DCS market in China sold 1.5 to 2 billion yuan in 1996, of which domestic DCS accounted for about 5% of the market (nearly 100 sets) about 100 million yuan.
In recent years, users of domestic DCS products have risen rapidly, accounting for about 50%, indicating that the domestic DCS market occupies a significant proportion (more than 40%). This market has an annual growth rate of 30%.
Domestic DCS systems are mostly used in small and medium-sized systems. The main areas are: electricity 37%, chemical 18zai%, petrochemical 11%, light industry 8%, building materials 6%, other 20%.
Large-scale systems also have certain applications. For example, Hollysys and Xinhua have several sets of systems for application on 300MW generating units.
2.3 numerical control device
In 1995, the domestic market share of China's domestic CNC machine tools (excluding economic models) has fallen to 23%. If the value is less than 10%, it should also be pointed out that about 23% of domestic CNC machine tools are equipped with foreign CNC. system. The above-mentioned severe situation of CNC is caused by a variety of factors for a long time. One of the important factors is that the CNC system includes matching servos, spindle drive units and motors, and is monopolized by a small number of industrialized countries for a long period of time. During the Cold War period, high-end products were strategic embargoes for socialist countries. China's CNC technology can not stand on its own for a long time.
Due to the emphasis on reliability, due to the increased integration of electronic components, the use of PC hardware platform, the quality of purchased parts, technology equipment and quality testing methods and foreign standards are basically the same, which makes China's independent property rights of the quality of the numerical control system greatly improved, reliable The reliability index of products that have reached foreign levels has reached nearly 4,000 hours, close to the international advanced level.
Servo and spindle drive technology has made great progress. In the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" attack, the exchange of all-digital servo and spindle drive was overcome, and the technical level caught up with foreign countries, but the progress of engineering and industrialization was not satisfactory. Therefore, most of the matching with the domestic CNC system is still the DC servo or AC analog servo and spindle drive. In the vast majority of actual production and use conditions, the quality of servo and spindle drive can be completely equivalent to foreign AC full digital servo. However, it is still a regrettable disparity compared with the use of AC all-digital servos in foreign countries. Urgently to catch up in the "Ninth Five-Year" industrialization efforts. The “Ninth Five-Year Plan†achieved the goal of industrialization. The market share of domestic CNC machine tools was 50%, and the CNC system accounted for 50% of the demand for domestic CNC machine tools. The numerical control rate of production has reached more than 20%.
Key technologies have made significant progress and have completed a long-cherished wish for decades. Multi-coordinate linkage, 10 companies have been able to undertake the manufacture of various products from large-scale Gantry five-coordinate linkage machine tools to high-precision desktop vertical and horizontal conversion five-coordinate linkage processing machine tools; commercial production of high-precision CNC The accuracy and performance of lathes, turning centers, etc. can be compared with those of well-known foreign manufacturers, breaking the blockade of high-tech equipment of China’s aerospace and military industry departments; the increase in the three-high index, the spindle speed of machining centers can reach 12,000 r/min. Feed 40m/min, tool change speed up to 1.3S.
From the recent machine tool exhibitions, it can be seen that, for the Chinese market, foreign companies such as Siemens, etc., exhibit medium and low-end CNC and medium and low-end CNC machine tools to compete and occupy the Chinese market. The main manufacturers are Fanuc, Siemens, Japan Yaskawa, Mitsubishi and so on.
CNC China's major manufacturers: Aerospace, Central China, Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Beijing Machine Tool and so on.
The economical numerical control device and stepper motor-driven economical open-loop control have the advantages of low cost, low inertia, no drift, no accumulated positioning error, rapid acceleration and deceleration, and shutdown, but there are lost steps and the processing accuracy is low. Disadvantages. Microstep (subdivision) drive and closed-loop control technology improves the position control accuracy, running stability and average output torque of the stepper motor. Economical CNC is a major feature of our country. Economical CNC basically meets the requirements of domestic machine tool renewal and transformation, and can be exported in small quantities. Economical numerical control devices are the major domestic manufacturers: Nanjing Dafang Numerical Control Company, Changzhou Electric Motor General Factory, Xining Plateau Engineering Machinery Factory, Xi'an Micromotor Institute, Nanjing Nine days CNC technology company.
2.4PLC (programmable controller)
There are about 30 domestic PLCs that form product production enterprises and less than 10 of them have annual output of more than 1,000 units. The main production units are: Suzhou Machine Tool Electric Appliance Factory, Shanghai Xiangdao Motor Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Ministry of Machinery Beijing Machinery Industry Automation Institute, Jiangsu Jiahua Industrial Co., Ltd., Suzhou Electronic Computer Factory, Suzhou Machine Tool Electric Factory, Liaoning Radio II Factory, Shanghai Shipbuilding Transportation Science Research Institute, Hangzhou Xinjian Electronics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Tuofeng Computer Co., Ltd., etc. Domestic product market share does not exceed 10%.
In 1996, it sold about 90,000 sets, of which 80,000 sets were imported (using 120 million U.S. dollars), totaling about 1.5 billion yuan. PLC has not formed an industry in China so far. In the five industrial control systems of DCS, FCS, IPC, CNC, and PLC, PLC is the smallest one in China, and some of the original production units are now mainly foreign agents or PLCs. .
2.5 STD bus template series Because STD small-sized structure is especially suitable for miniaturized embedded control systems, the hardware structure supports multi-master system and other characteristics, STD bus template series of industrialization work has been very successful, and is familiar with and recognized by the majority of users. STD bus template series has been brilliant in China, mainly because of industrialization well done, occupied its own market, there are still many old customers need STD bus products.
2.6 Industrial PC
Since 1992, China's industrial PC market has been extremely active. It became China's industrial PC year in 1993, and the domestic industrial PC market has also maintained its momentum of steady development.
According to statistics, the total import volume of OEM products for industrial PCs nationwide was 2.7 billion yuan in 1996, an annual growth rate of 29%.
According to incomplete statistics, China's industrial PCs mainly include Advantech, EVOC, Vectra, Puyi, Volkswagen, Allex, Contac, AAEON, Axiom, Kangtuo, Huakong, North China, Chaotuo, Inspur, and IV. Industrial control, Lenovo industrial control, Hongtuo industrial control, Great Wall industrial control, Founder industrial control, six, Laoshan company and other manufacturers. In 1999, sales reached 1.2 billion yuan, and domestic industrial PCs accounted for more than 40%. It is the most high-yield type of CNC machine, DCS, FCS, PLC, IPC and other major IPCs. This is closely related to I/O being the strongest item in China's industrial control. It is estimated that in the near future (in a few years) IPC will be dominated by localized products.
2.7 Market Size in 2000 It is understood that in 2000 China's energy, metallurgy, petrochemical, chemical, building materials, textile and other departments need 100,000 sets of industrial control systems; petrochemical systems more than 12,000 sets of production equipment need DCS control, of which nearly one hundred The backbone device must adopt advanced optimization control (a set of advanced control software costs about 500,000 US dollars); 40% of the chemical system companies must use computer control; the power system to install more than 1000 KW generating units every year requires DCS to achieve monitoring, more than 200 More than 3,000 county grid dispatch systems require tens of thousands of substations for remote control; 70% of industrial furnaces in China are to be controlled by computers during the Ninth Five-Year Plan; 500,000 companies in more than 40 industries across China There are hundreds of thousands of industrial control systems required; washing machines, refrigerators, microwave ovens and air-conditioning equipment all require up to tens of millions of microcontrollers (including single-chip microcomputers and single-board machines). In 2000, the market scale reached 170-207 billion yuan, of which:
(1) Industrial PCs: Chemicals, power, light industry, petrochemical, and machinery industries require hundreds of thousands of industrial PCs and OEM products, ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 billion yuan;
(2) Embedded computers: Household appliances and other industries require embedded computer OEM products, single-chip microcomputers, single board machines, controllers, home appliances, and other supporting controllers ranging from 15 to 20 million units, 2.5 to 3 billion yuan;
(3) PLC devices: furnaces, machine tools, machinery, metallurgy, various production lines, railways, water treatment equipment, etc. require 200,000 sets of PLC devices, 25 to 30 billion yuan;
(4) DCS system: petrochemical, chemical, electric power, metallurgy and other industries need 1500 sets of DCS system engineering, 30-35 billion yuan;
(5) FCS system: petrochemical, chemical, electric power, metallurgy and other industries use FCS pilot system, 3 to 400 million yuan;
(6) Numerical control device: The machinery, building materials, light industry, energy, metallurgy and other industries need CNCS million sets, 20 to 25 billion yuan;
(7) The import control system for complete sets of equipment is 3-4 billion yuan.
In recent years, China's industrial control computers have developed rapidly, with an annual growth rate of 10-15%. There are several varieties of domestic production proportions. For example, industrial PC accounts for 40%, DCS accounts for 40%, CNC accounts for 20%, and PLC accounts for 10% or less.
2.8 Demand in several major areas "10th Five-Year Plan" Electricity: hydropower projects, hydropower reforms, and transformation and construction of rural power grids. The projected demand will increase by 10-15% over the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period. Metallurgy: Technical transformation of metallurgical enterprises is expected to be maintained. "Ninth Five-year" demand level;
Petrochemical: With the improvement of the performance and reliability of home-made industrial control systems, the technological transformation of enterprises will increase the proportion of domestically produced systems, and the demand is expected to increase by 5% over the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period;
Environmental protection: The environmental protection project will be one of the priorities for the development of the country during the "10th Five-Year Plan" and is expected to increase by 150% over the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period;
Transportation: With the construction and renovation of highways, railways, and urban transportation, requirements for the automation of traffic control, supervision, management, and new types of transportation vehicles have been put forward. It is expected to increase by 50% over the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period;
Construction: With the speeding up of modern construction and the construction of urban residential communities, this is an area that can not be neglected in the application of IPCs. The demand for the "10th Five-Year Plan" is expected to increase by 60% over the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period.
Western Development: The construction of a series of engineering projects such as West-East Gas Transmission, Infrastructure, and Environmental Protection has brought new demands to IPCs and the market is very broad.
3. China's industrial computer development strategy
3.1 Factors Constraining the Development of Industrial Control in China The factors that restrict the development of industrial control computers in China are many, mainly as follows:
(1) The efficiency of industrial enterprises is not good. It can be seen from the investment demand that China has not completed its industrialization tasks well (in the mid-industrial period). The task of traditional industrial transformation is very heavy. Due to the poor economic foundation of our country, the financial crisis in Southeast Asia , RMB does not depreciate, which all make the direct benefit of the enterprise is not good. Therefore, the investment in industry is obviously insufficient. It is often due to less money for the new industrial enterprise equipment. It only considers the machine (mechanical) and does not consider “electricity†or “control†(micro Electronics, power electronics, computers, and industrial control computers). Therefore, DCS, large-scale PLCs, industrial PCs, and other industrial control computers with a large investment, CNC, NC, FMC, FMS, and CAD, MB, robots, automated storage, and communication Motor speed governors and other equipment are rarely used. The industrial enterprises that have already been established need to reconstruct the investment that lacks “electricityâ€, and thus cannot meet the needs of IPCs. The lack of investment is the main issue. Under the planning system, the design institute's knowledge is updated slowly. Designing advanced equipment is also a factor.
(2) The backwardness of microelectronics technology cannot support the development of industrial control. The integrated circuits, power electronic devices, key external equipment and system software that are required for industrial control are basically imported, resulting in a long development cycle for industrial control machine products. In addition to STD bus, industrial PC, DCS, and economical CNC products Only a small batch of production, all industrial control products have not formed a scale production, such as: FCS, CNC, PLC, frequency converter and other small production, it is difficult to form an industry, vulnerable to the impact of new models abroad.
China has already made up its mind to increase investment in policies and engage in software industry and integrated circuits as soon as possible.
(3) The overall level of IPC talent in China is not high. IPC product development and popularization and application require a higher level of talents. All of them must understand the machine and understand the power, that is, they understand the IPC hardware and software and understand the application of industrial technology and compound talents. This type of compound talent is relatively lacking in China, and the talent utilization mechanism is not entirely reasonable. Therefore, the results of IPCs are few, and it is difficult for commercialization and application of a limited number of results. The market cannot be scaled up and the overall benefits are difficult to realize.
(4) China's (IPC) companies do not adapt to the market.尤其是国有ä¼ä¸šç”±å°é—到开放；由计划体制到社会主义市场ç»æµŽï¼›ç”±åªç®¡ç”Ÿäº§ä¸ç®¡é”€å”®ï¼Œåˆ°é¢å¯¹æŠ€æœ¯ã€è´¨é‡ã€ä»·æ ¼æ¿€çƒˆç«žäº‰çš„世界市场。ä¼ä¸šåœ¨åˆ¶åº¦ã€ç»„织ã€ç®¡ç†ã€æŠ€æœ¯ç‰æ–¹é¢å‡éœ€è¦æ”¹é©å’Œåˆ›æ–°ï¼Œä»¥æ高适应能力和竞争能力；以æ高ç»æµŽè¿è¡Œæ•ˆçŽ‡å’Œç»æµŽæ•ˆç›Šã€‚但这å‡æœ‰ä¸ªè¿‡ç¨‹ï¼Œéœ€è¦æ—¶é—´ã€‚
3.2入世（WTO）åŽçš„å½±å“（1）以现场总线为基础的FCS
在我国开å‘ã€åº”用较好的，如LONWORKã€CANã€HART冲击较å°ï¼Œæœ€æœ‰å‘展å‰é€”çš„Ethernet冲击也较å°ï¼Œå› 在计算机网络ä¸åº”用éžå¸¸å¹¿æ³›ã€‚现场总线FFã€Profibuså½±å“è¦å¤§äº›ï¼Œå› 我们的开å‘ã€åº”用å‡è¿˜å¼€å§‹ä¸è¿‡å‡ 年。
（2）嵌入å¼ç³»ç»Ÿæ€»ä½“上æ¥è¯´å†²å‡»è¾ƒå°ï¼Œç”¨äºŽæ¶ˆè´¹ç±»ç”µå产å“如洗衣机ç‰å·²å¼€å‘应用。过程控制ã€åˆ¶é€ 自动化领域也已开å‘并开始应用。
（3）DCS除大系统ä¼ä¸šä»ä»¥è¿›å£ä¸ºä¸»ï¼Œä¸å°ç³»ç»ŸDCS我国已具有较强竞争能力（技术上å¯ä»¥æŠ—è¡¡ï¼Œä»·æ ¼ä¸Šæœ‰ä¸€å®šä¼˜åŠ¿ï¼‰ã€‚
（4）IPC继国产PCå 70%以上市场之åŽï¼Œå›½äº§IPC也将å 50%以上份é¢ã€‚
（5）PLC国内市场ä»ä¼šåœ¨ä¸€æ®µè¾ƒé•¿æ—¶é—´å†…被ABã€è¥¿é—¨åã€GE-FANUGã€ModicanTE（法）ã€ä¸‰è±ç”µåã€OMRON七大家为代表的国外厂商å 领。
（6）数控市场主è¦è¢«è¥¿é—¨åã€FANUCã€è¥¿ç牙ç‰å 领。国产数控开始从一å¸ä¹‹åœ°ï¼Œé€æ¸åŠ 大分é¢ã€‚
（7ï¼‰ä¼ æ„Ÿå™¨å› åŸºç¡€å¾®å¼±ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯å¾®æœºæ¢°åŠ å·¥æŠ€æœ¯å·²æˆä¸ºæˆ‘å›½å¾®ä¼ æ„Ÿå™¨å‘展的瓶颈。和美ã€æ—¥ã€æ¬§æ´²æœ‰ä¸€å®šå·®è·ã€‚今åŽï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬å¿…é¡»å¯¹å¾®ä¼ æ„Ÿå™¨çš„ç ”ç©¶å·¥ä½œç»™äºˆç‰¹åˆ«çš„é‡è§†å’ŒæŠ•å…¥ï¼Œè½å®žç ”究计划。这对我国仪器综åˆå®žåŠ›çš„å‘å±•å’Œå¢žåŠ å…·æœ‰å分é‡è¦çš„战略æ„义，是我国未æ¥ä»ªå™¨ä»ªè¡¨ç¹è£çš„å‘动机，仪器仪表智能化是现场总线åŠFCS的基础，是我国å‘展工控，迎头赶上的çªç ´å£å’Œå¿…由之路。
3.3我国的å‘展ç–ç•¥
3.3.1认清形势，转å˜è§‚念工业控制计算机ã€ä»ªå™¨ä»ªè¡¨æ˜¯ä¿¡æ¯æŠ€æœ¯çš„æºå¤´ï¼Œå±žäºŽé«˜ç§‘æŠ€äº§ä¸šï¼ŒåŠ å…¥WTO更是首当其冲。我国工控机市场需求ä¸æ—ºï¼›å›½å¤–厂商的激烈竞争，并å 领大部分市场份é¢ï¼›æˆ‘国工控机厂商数é‡å¤šï¼Œä½†è§„模å°ï¼Œç«žäº‰å®žåŠ›ä¸è¶³ã€‚在这ç§å½¢åŠ¿ä¸‹ï¼Œæˆ‘们应如何å‘展我国的工控机产业呢？首先是转å˜è§‚念，观念的陈旧将是阻ç¢æˆ‘国工控机å‘展的最大障ç¢ã€‚
（1）对工控机系统é‡è¦æ€§è®¤è¯†ä¸å¤Ÿã€‚更多的是将其作为装备类产å“的一般的辅机é…套，没有作为整机的关键部分。
（2）强化国际分工观念。世界计算机产业结构，产å“结构和市场结构的å˜åŒ–ä½¿å¾—è®¡ç®—æœºç ”ç©¶å¼€å‘，产å“生产ã€å¸‚场销售日益国际化。我们就è¦é€‚应这个å˜åŒ–äº†çš„å½¢åŠ¿ï¼Œæ ¹æ®è‡ªèº«æƒ…况，扬长é¿çŸï¼Œå‚与国际分工。åŠæ—¶è°ƒæ•´äº§å“结构。在国际分工ä¸å–得比较优势。
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（2）以应用促å‘展。进å£çš„工控机的广泛应用，将直接给予我们众多产业的效率带æ¥é©å‘½æ€§çš„å˜é©ï¼Œè¿™å°±æ˜¯æˆ‘国倡导“应用与世界åŒæ¥â€çš„基本出å‘点。ç»æµŽå‘展上新å°é˜¶ï¼Œå·¥æŽ§æœºåº”用æˆä¸ºä¸å¯å¿½ç•¥çš„强有力的手段。有æ¡ä»¶çš„å•ä½è¦ä»Žå¸®åŠ©æžåº”用规划ã€è®¡åˆ’开始ã€æžå¥½åŸ¹è®ï¼›æžå¥½ç¤ºèŒƒåº”用系统；æžå¥½å”®å‰ã€å”®ä¸ã€å”®åŽæœåŠ¡ã€‚尤其é‡è¦çš„是通过长期工控机应用，摸索出自己的长处，有个ç»æ´»ï¼Œåœ¨ç«žäº‰ä¸å°±å¯ç«‹äºŽä¸è´¥ä¹‹åœ°ã€‚（3）åˆèµ„是æˆåŠŸçš„模å¼ä¹‹ä¸€ã€‚外资进入ä¼ä¸šï¼Œå¯¹å·¥æŽ§æœºçš„技术ã€ç®¡ç†ã€ç”Ÿèƒ½åŠ›ç‰æ–¹é¢å¸¦æ¥è®¸å¤šæ–°æ´»åŠ›ï¼Œå¯¹å·¥æŽ§æœºäº§ä¸šçš„å‘展起到ä¸å¯ä½Žä¼°çš„作用。有人说，åˆèµ„å…¬å¸æ˜¯ä¸€ç§æŠ€æœ¯å«æŽ¥å·¥ä¸šï¼Œç»“出的果实当然ä¸é”™ã€‚
（4）ä¿æŒæ±‰å—应用的领先地ä½ã€‚为方便我国的应用，工控机必须采用汉å—。我们这个12亿多人使用汉å—的国家，在这方é¢æœ‰ä¼˜åŠ¿ï¼Œå¹¶è¦ä¸å¿˜è®°æŠŠè¿™ä¸ªé¢†å…ˆåœ°ä½ä¿æŒä¸‹åŽ»ã€‚æ®çŽ‹é€‰é™¢å£«è®²ï¼Œæ±‰å—åº”ç”¨æˆ‘ä»¬å·²æ— å¤§ä¼˜åŠ¿å¯è¨€ã€‚
（5）推进现代化ä¼ä¸šåˆ¶åº¦æ”¹é©ï¼Œæ高ä¼ä¸šå¯¹å¸‚场的适应能力和竞争能力。åšæŒé€šè¿‡æ”¹é©è¿›ä¸€æ¥è§£æ”¾å’Œå‘展生产力。一方é¢è¦é€šè¿‡ä¼ä¸šå†…部的改制ã€æ”¹ç»„å’Œæ”¹é€ ï¼Œè¿›è¡Œåˆ¶åº¦åˆ›æ–°ã€ç»„织创新ã€ç®¡ç†åˆ›æ–°å’ŒæŠ€æœ¯åˆ›æ–°ï¼Œå®žçŽ°å›½æœ‰èµ„产的优化组åˆï¼Œå®žçŽ°å›½æœ‰ä¼ä¸šè½¬æœºå»ºåˆ¶å’Œè‡ªæˆ‘完善；å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢è¦é€šè¿‡ä¼ä¸šä¹‹é—´çš„兼并ã€é‡ç»„，实现社会资æºçš„åˆç†æµåŠ¨å’Œä¼˜åŒ–é…置，既立足于建立新机制，åˆç«‹è¶³äºŽä¿ƒè¿›ç®¡ç†çš„现代化。åšæŒæ”¹é©è¿›ä¸€æ¥æŠŠä¼ä¸šæŽ¨å‘市场。促进ä¼ä¸šçš„生产ç»è¥ã€èµ„本ç»è¥ã€æŠ€æœ¯å¼€å‘ç‰ä¸€ç³»åˆ—活动都围绕市场æ¥è¿ä½œã€‚
（6）开放å¼å·¥æŽ§ç³»ç»Ÿä¸å¯èƒ½åŒ…括å„ç§ä¸åŒçš„产å“，它们之间互连，资æºå…±äº«å°±è¦æ±‚有开放的体系结构，è¦æ±‚硬件模å—化，接å£æ ‡å‡†åŒ–和产å“系列化，开放的结构在技术上兼顾今天的水平和今åŽå‘展。
开放系统：从概念上说，是指在界é¢ã€æœåŠ¡ä¸Žå¯¹åº”用软件支æŒæ–¹å¼ä¸Šéµå¾ªæœ‰å…³å›½é™…æ ‡å‡†ï¼ˆåŒ…æ‹¬è¡Œä¸šæ ‡å‡†ï¼‰çš„ç³»ç»Ÿï¼Œå®ƒæœ‰å……åˆ†è¯¦ç»†å¹¶å…¬å¼€çš„è¯´æ˜Žï¼Œç”±äºŽå·¥ç¨‹åŒ–çš„åº”ç”¨è½¯ä»¶çš„ä½¿ç”¨ï¼šåœ¨å¹¿æ³›çš„ç³»ç»Ÿä¹‹é—´ç§»æ¤ï¼Œåº”用软件ä¸ä½œå˜åŒ–或å˜åŒ–甚微；在本地或远程系统之间，应用软件å¯å®žçŽ°äº’æ“作；在系统之间，交互作用方å¼ï¼ˆæˆ–é£Žæ ¼ï¼‰ç®€å•ã€æ˜“å¦ã€æ˜“用。
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Foreword Due to the rapid development of computer technology, control technology, network technology, and communication technology, the development and mutual influence of various automated means presents the following features.